This message is important from the point of view of colonization. It turns out that water ice is present there can only 2.5 centimeters below the surface but also in certain areas of the layers having a thickness of 1000 m. Caltech Scientists have confirmed the theory by Rober Leighton and Bruce Murray, which was founded in 1966.
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Both believed that once the atmosphere of the Red Planet in as much as 95% consists of carbon dioxide. Over millions of years engaged in the pressure changes due to changes in the rotation axis of Mars. A great impact on changes in the atmosphere have also sunlight. Such great pressure fluctuation and eventually the enormous growth resulted in the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the vicinity of poles.
Today, on Mars there is a low pressure, but they are extensive, visible even from our planet, layers of dry ice and water. Not only that the latter can be in many places a depth of up to 1,000 meters, it still may be only 2.3 meters below the surface of dry ice. This is great news, because at the beginning of the extraction it will not need to use special equipment, just enough spade.
Areas where the water ice on Mars. The colors indicate the depth at which the ice is. Fig. NASA.
Importantly, the water ice is also present in other more convenient for people areas of the planet. As if that were not enough, water ice on Mars is quite a lot. In more than enough even for the functioning of the big city for many centuries. The only problem is that in the area of polar prevail too low temperature for the construction of the first bases. Astronomers have appointed us so more convenient areas, namely those on the mid-latitudes, where areas are lower than in other parts of the planet.
The most promising seems to Arcadia. It is plain lying in the northern hemisphere. If SpaceX, NASA and China will want to send a manned mission to Mars and build a colony there first, it should consider what Arcadia. The researchers now intend to analyze more data. Their goal is to see how focused there water ice in all seasons. This is important from the point of view of the colonizers, who will have to remain on the surface of the Red Planet for a year or two and at the same time have constant access to water.